Whisk the flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in a large bowl until evenly combined.
In a second bowl, whisk the egg, buttermilk, melted butter, and vanilla. Pour the wet mixture into the dry ingredients and stir just until no dry pockets remain; a few small lumps are fine.
Let the batter rest for 5 minutes while a skillet or griddle heats over medium heat. Lightly grease the cooking surface with neutral oil.
Pour about 1/4 cup batter per pancake onto the skillet. Cook until bubbles appear across the surface and the edges look set, about 2 to 3 minutes.
Flip and cook the second side for 1 to 2 minutes, until golden and cooked through. Lower the heat if the pancakes brown before the centers set.
Serve warm. This batch makes about 8 pancakes, or 4 servings of 2 pancakes each.